Detail of a presentation slide explaining the reciprocal links between Alabama and Zambia and collaborating researchers.At first glance, there may appear to be few similarities between Zambia, a landlocked country in southern Africa, and rural Alabama. Apart from the 8,000 miles of space between them, however, the two regions are both dealing with longstanding HIV epidemics, widespread poverty and significant barriers to accessing medical care and public health services. Another similarity is the prevalence of alcohol use disorders, substance use disorders and mental health conditions, all of which can contribute to the spread of HIV.
A five-year, $5.8-million-plus P01 (program project) grant from the NIH National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism is funding an innovative series of projects to address these concerns in both Zambia and rural Alabama. Critically, it adapts interventions and strategies that have been proven in one setting to the other.
‘Exchanging the best of our practices’
“This is tech transfer — we are exchanging the best of our practices,” said Karen Cropsey, PsyD, Conatser Turner Endowed Professor of Psychiatry in the UAB Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology and co-director of the Center for Addiction and Pain Prevention and Intervention (CAPPI) at UAB. “We are adapting a proven therapy from Zambia to Alabama called the Common Elements Treatment Approach, or CETA, and taking our success with patient-reported outcomes from Alabama to Zambia.”
Cropsey is multiple principal investigator (MPI) for the overall Zambia Alabama HIV Alcohol Comorbidities Program, known as ZAMBAMA, along with Michael Vinikoor, M.D., associate professor in the UAB Division of Infectious Diseases.
“We are adapting a proven therapy from Zambia to Alabama called the Common Elements Treatment Approach, or CETA, and taking our success with patient-reported outcomes from Alabama to Zambia.”
— Karen Cropsey, PsyD, Conatser Turner Endowed Professor of Psychiatry in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology and co-director of the Center for Addiction and Pain Prevention and Intervention (CAPPI)
ZAMBAMA contains two separate but related projects. Both rely on CETA (Common Elements Treatment Approach), a proven, peer-led program of cognitive behavioral therapy originally developed at Johns Hopkins University (www.cetaglobal.org). CETA combines elements common to effective treatments for problems such as depression and trauma into a single treatment model that can be delivered by trained laypeople. CETA has demonstrated effectiveness in countries from Iraq, Thailand, Zambia, Ethiopia and Myanmar. “Most therapies are single-diagnosis focused — just substance use, just depression, etc.,” Vinikoor said. “Therefore, having a single treatment model that caters for a range of symptoms and complex cases reduces the costs of training and time and the need to refer patients to specialty care.”
The project also expands a longstanding collaboration between UAB and the Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), a Zambian non-governmental institution with an operating budget of more than $40 million per year. Three UAB Heersink School of Medicine faculty are embedded full-time with CIDRZ, including Vinikoor, Carolyn Bolton Moore, M.B.B.S., assistant professor of medicine, and Albert Manasyan, M.D., assistant professor of pediatrics. “The collaboration puts UAB experts on the ground in Zambia to strengthen research and public health capacity and address major global health challenges,” Vinikoor said. “Such collaborations are what makes UAB a leading U.S. university in global health. In addition to ZAMBAMA, the UAB-CIDRZ team are implementing research focused on a range of conditions, including COVID-19, HIV prevention, maternal and newborn health, cervical cancer and viral hepatitis.” For the ZAMBAMA project, CIDRZ researchers, including social scientist Anjali Sharma, Ph.D., biostatistician Samuel Bosomprah, Ph.D., and infectious diseases expert Izukanji Sikazwe, MBChB, will share with UAB their expertise in integration of CETA into the HIV health system, Vinikoor says.
This will not be the first time that public health lessons learned in sub-Saharan Africa will be translated back to Alabama, Vinikoor adds. In the FRESH (Finding Respect and Ending Stigma around HIV) study, Janet Turan, Ph.D., professor in the Department of Health Behavior, and Scott Batey, Ph.D., associate professor in the Department of Sociology, implemented a program to reduce HIV stigma among health workers in Alabama that was adapted from Turan’s earlier research in Kenya.
“UAB’s global health work impacts not only populations in low- and middle-income countries, but also communities back home in Alabama,” Vinikoor said.
“The collaboration puts UAB experts on the ground in Zambia to strengthen research and public health capacity and address major global health challenges. Such collaborations are what makes UAB a leading U.S. university in global health.”
— Michael Vinikoor, M.D., associate professor in the Division of Infectious Diseases
Alcohol and HIV
Alcohol consumption is rising in sub-Saharan Africa, and especially since the beginning of the COVID pandemic, in rural Alabama, the researchers point out. And unhealthy alcohol use is often complicated by comorbid mental illness and/or other substance use, they say.
What is the link between alcohol use and HIV? Research has demonstrated that alcohol use disorders (and mental health problems) contribute to risky behaviors that may expose a person to becoming infected with HIV. In those living with HIV, drinking is associated with delays in learning one’s status through HIV testing, lower engagement in care and treatment and lower adherence to life-saving antiretroviral medications. As measured by blood tests, people with unhealthy alcohol use also are less likely to have achieved viral suppression, which makes them more likely to transmit the virus to others. Finally, some data suggest that people with HIV may be more sensitive to the effects of alcohol than those without it.
“This is what we call ‘reverse innovation,’ taking a success from low-resource settings in a developing country and figuring out what lessons we can apply here in Alabama.”
— Ellen Eaton, M.D., assistant professor in the Division of Infectious Diseases
Zambia to Alabama and back again
The Zambia-based project, with Vinikoor as principal investigator, will evaluate the effectiveness, including cost effectiveness, of implementing CETA and another alcohol-reduction intervention known as a brief alcohol intervention, or BI.
It also will utilize patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in Zambian clinics, learning from UAB’s expertise. PROs, implemented as quick surveys of patients during each clinic visit, have been used successfully at UAB’s 1917 HIV/AIDS Clinic for several years to identify patients with unmet mental health or substance-use concerns. “The patients answer questions about depression, alcohol use, medication adherence and more,” Cropsey said.
The Alabama project will use telemedicine to implement CETA in rural Ryan White HIV clinics across the state. “This is what we call ‘reverse innovation,’ taking a success from low-resource settings in a developing country and figuring out what lessons we can apply here in Alabama,” said Ellen Eaton, M.D., assistant professor in the UAB Division of Infectious Diseases. Eaton is MPI for the Alabama project, as is Cropsey.
There is a nationwide shortage of clinical psychologists, Cropsey points out, so approaches such as CETA have great promise. For the Alabama project, the intervention will be delivered remotely from Birmingham using UAB graduate students in clinical psychology. “Using telemedicine makes this more translatable to a wider variety of settings,” Cropsey said.
Additional sites
In addition to the two intervention projects, ZAMBAMA includes a data coordinating site and laboratory site at the Centre for Disease Research in Zambia, along with enrollment sites at large public HIV clinics in Lusaka, Zambia. Caitlin Clevenger, Ph.D., assistant professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology at UAB, is co-investigator for the Alabama site.
Other institutions selected as part of the NIAAA request for applications for the P01 grants include Boston University (PI: Jeffrey Samet), Florida State University (MPIs: Sylvie Nair, Karen MacDonell), Johns Hopkins University (MPIs: Geetanjali Chander, Mary McCaul), University of Florida (MPIs: Robert Cook, Ronald Cohen), Vanderbilt University (MPIs: Matthew Freiberg, Shirish Barve) and Yale University (PI: Amy Justice).
